Saudi Arabia

Arabic sourdough bread holds a rich and profound significance within the history of bread-making, reflecting the cultural and culinary evolution of ancient civilizations in the Middle East. Among the early contributors were the Sumerians, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Hittites, Arameans, Assyrians, Egyptians, and Nabateans, each playing a vital role in advancing this essential staple food.

 

In Arabic, bread is commonly referred to as ‘Khubz’ or ‘Khoubz,’ terms that encompass a variety of bread forms throughout the region. One of the most traditional and oldest types of Arabic bread is Shraak or Markook flatbread, which has been lovingly prepared in homes for centuries. This flatbread holds a special place in the culinary heritage of the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula, characterized by its delicate and thin structure.

 

The preparation of Shraak involves mixing a variety of cereal and grain flours—often including wheat, barley, or even blends with chickpea flour—combined with water to create a soft dough. This dough is then rolled out into very thin discs and baked over an open fire or on a hot griddle known as a 'saj.’ This ancient method of cooking not only enhances the bread's unique flavor and texture but also connects generations through the art of bread-making. Its versatility allows it to be enjoyed in numerous ways, whether served alongside savory dishes, wrapped around grilled meats, or used to scoop up rich stews.

 

In Saudi Arabia, ‘khubz’ is the most ubiquitous type of bread found in households, essential to daily meals. Similar to pita bread, khubz is round and features a distinct pocket, which is perfect for stuffing with an array of flavorful fillings such as shawarma, falafel, grilled vegetables, and salads. This bread is often enjoyed fresh and warm, enhancing the rich flavors of traditional Saudi cuisine.

 

Another delectable treat in Saudi Arabia is ‘mamoul,’ a sweet and aromatic pastry typically filled with a mixture of dates, nuts, or sesame paste. While mamoul may not fit the traditional definition of bread, its popularity as a delightful dessert showcases the rich tapestry of flavors present in the region’s culinary landscape. Often prepared for special occasions and celebrations, these cookies reflect the deep-rooted traditions of sharing and hospitality in Arabic culture.

 

The enduring legacy of Arabic sourdough and its various forms illustrate not only the evolution of bread-making techniques but also the social and cultural connections that this staple has fostered throughout history. Today, Arabic bread continues to be a foundational element of countless meals across the Middle East, embodying a blend of tradition, community, and flavor.